Stack overview Here’s a concise OSI-model overview in Markdown, starting with your incipit and then expanding on each layer: Layer 7: Application The topmost layer, closest to the end-user. Layer 6: Presentation Ensures that data is in a usable format and is syntax-and-semantics compliant. Layer 5: Session Manages sessions (connections) Read more…
Stat Command Overview The stat command displays detailed file or filesystem status information. It’s commonly used by developers and sysadmins to inspect metadata such as permissions, ownership, timestamps, and filesystem-specific attributes. Synopsis Key Options Default Output Example Field Breakdown Field Description File Path to the file being inspected. Size Total Read more…
Understanding lsof and lsof -i What is lsof? lsof (List Open Files) is a versatile command-line utility on UNIX and Linux systems that displays information about files opened by processes. Since UNIX treats many resources as files—including disk files, network sockets, and devices—lsof can list: Why Use lsof? Basic Syntax Read more…
1. What Is a Cookie? A cookie is a small piece of text data that a web server asks the browser to store and then send back with future requests to the same server. Cookies let sites “remember” you: Session state (e.g. you’re logged in) User preferences (language, theme) Shopping Read more…
SSH (Secure Shell) tunneling is a technique that lets you securely forward network traffic through an encrypted SSH connection. It’s essentially a way to “pipe” otherwise insecure or restricted traffic through an SSH session, protecting it from eavesdropping and bypassing firewalls or NAT restrictions. Pratical Example You would like to Read more…
Intro Node.js is primarily single-threaded due to its event-driven, non-blocking I/O architecture, which means it handles tasks asynchronously on a single thread, particularly for I/O operations. However, for CPU-intensive tasks or tasks that benefit from concurrency (like computations), Node.js does have a way to leverage multiple threads. An idea to Read more…
Kong has 3 different timeout connect_timeout: from kong to the micro. Once is connected then the connection is managed by keep-alive HTTP 1/1 open HTTP/2 can be used any reasonable value under 30000 ms read_timeout: end to end flow (inbound > outbound > inbound). This is the MOST important timeout. if kong closes the connection before the application then Read more…
Flameshot is a powerful and simple-to-use screenshot software Here a mini guide to install and setup in ubuntu 24.04 LTS, XDG wayland Install Flameshot on startup go to startup application select flameshot and press edit change the command to sh -c — “flameshot” Keyboard shortcuts go to keyboard menu view Read more…
Few steps to setup in 10 minutes a OpenVPN server inside a Docker in your VPS. Requirements Docker Docker compose Docker compose setup note: static-network is optional, just in case you would like to access with static IP addresses to other containers Then Notes if the openvpn docker server is Read more…
The nc (or netcat) utility is used for just about anything under the sun involving TCP, UDP, or UNIX-domain sockets. It can open TCP connections, send UDP packets, listen on arbitrary TCP and UDP ports, do port scanning, and deal with both IPv4 and IPv6. Unlike telnet(1), ncscripts nicely, and Read more…